Lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method

ABSTRACT

In a scanning immersion lithographic apparatus, immersion liquid is supplied on one side of the space between the projection system and the substrate and drained on the other side so that the flow of liquid is substantially perpendicular to the scan direction.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a lithographic apparatus and a method for manufacturing a device.

BACKGROUND

A lithographic apparatus is a machine that applies a desired pattern onto a substrate, usually onto a target portion of the substrate. A lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In that instance, a patterning device, which is alternatively referred to as a mask or a reticle, may be used to generate a circuit pattern to be formed on an individual layer of the IC. This pattern can be transferred onto a target portion (e.g. comprising part of, one, or several dies) on a substrate (e.g. a silicon wafer). Transfer of the pattern is typically via imaging onto a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist) provided on the substrate. In general, a single substrate will contain a network of adjacent target portions that are successively patterned. Known lithographic apparatus include so-called steppers, in which each target portion is irradiated by exposing an entire pattern onto the target portion at one time, and so-called scanners, in which each target portion is irradiated by scanning the pattern through a radiation beam in a given direction (the “scanning”-direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. It is also possible to transfer the pattern from the patterning device to the substrate by imprinting the pattern onto the substrate.

it has been proposed to immerse the substrate in the lithographic projection apparatus in a liquid having a relatively high refractive index, e.g. water, so as to fill a space between the final element of the projection. system and the substrate. The point of this is to enable imaging of smaller features since the exposure radiation will have a shorter wavelength in the liquid. (The effect of the liquid may also be regarded as increasing the effective NA of the system and also increasing the depth of focus.) Other immersion liquids have been proposed, including water with solid particles (e.g. quartz) suspended therein.

However, submersing the substrate or substrate and substrate table in a bath of liquid (see, for example, United States patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,509,852, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference) means that there is a large body of liquid that must be accelerated during a scanning exposure. This requires additional or more powerful motors and turbulence in the liquid may lead to undesirable and unpredictable effects.

One of the solutions proposed is for a liquid supply system to provide liquid on only a localized area of the substrate and in between the final element of the projection system and the substrate (the. substrate generally has a larger surface area than the final element of the projection system). One way which has been proposed to arrange for this is disclosed in PCT patent application WO 99/49504, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, liquid is supplied by at least one inlet IN onto the substrate, preferably along the direction of movement of the substrate relative to the final element, and is removed by at least one outlet OUT after having passed under the projection system. That is, as the substrate is scanned beneath the element in a −X direction, liquid is supplied at the +X side of the element and taken up at the −X side. FIG. 2 shows the arrangement schematically in which liquid is supplied via inlet IN and is taken up on the other side of the element by outlet OUT which is connected to a low pressure source. In the illustration of FIG. 2, the liquid is supplied along the direction of movement of the substrate relative to the final element, though this does not need to be the case. Various orientations and numbers of in- and out-lets positioned around the final element are possible, one example is illustrated in FIG. 3 in which four sets of an inlet with an outlet on either side are provided in a regular pattern around the final element.

In the liquid supply systems of FIGS. 2 and 3 and of FIG. 4 (discussed in more detail below), the flow of li quid is parallel or anti-parallel to the direction of scan of the projection system relative to the substrate. This means that the flow direction must be changed in synchronism with changes of the scan direction. Such changes of flow direction may cause turbulence in the immersion liquid which may increase formation of bubbles, contamination and the deposition of particles on the substrate surface. The liquid supply system of FIG. 5 on the other hand, has liquid supply outlets and drains spaced around concentric peripheries (e.g., circles) around the seal member. This results in an angularly symmetric liquid flow which does not need to be changed with changes in the direction of movement of the substrate relative to the projection system. However, with this type of arrangement, poor refreshment of the central region of the reservoir 10 may occur, leading to potential accumulation of particulate contaminants and bubbles in the path of the projection beam PB.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, it would be advantageous, for example, to provide a liquid supply system that can be operated continuously, irrespective of changes in scan direction of the substrate relative to the projection system, while ensuring thorough refreshment of the liquid reservoir.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a lithographic projection apparatus arranged to project a pattern from a patterning device onto a substrate using a projection system, while scanning the substrate relative to the projection system in a first direction, comprising:

a liquid supply system arranged to supply liquid to a space between the projection system and the substrate, the liquid supply system comprising a liquid supply port and a liquid drain port, the supply port and the drain port being located on opposite sides of the space such that liquid flows across the space in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a device manufacturing method, comprising:

supplying liquid through a supply port to a space between a projection system of a lithographic projection apparatus and a substrate, the supply port being located on a first side of the space;

removing liquid via a drain port located on a second side of the space opposite to the first side such that liquid flows across the space in a direction substantially perpendicular to a scan direction; and

projecting a patterned beam of radiation, using the projection system, through the liquid onto the substrate while scanning the substrate relative to the projection system in the scan direction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts, and in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 2 and 3 depict a liquid supply system for use in a lithographic projection apparatus;

FIG. 4 depicts another liquid supply system for use in a lithographic projection apparatus;

FIG. 5 depicts a further liquid supply system for use in a lithographic projection apparatus; and

FIG. 6 depicts a liquid supply system according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 schematically depicts a lithographic apparatus according to one embodiment of the invention. The apparatus comprises:

-   -   an illumination system (illuminator) IL configured to condition         a radiation beam PB (e.g. UV radiation or DUV radiation).     -   a support structure (e.g. a mask table) MT constructed to         support a patterning device (e.g. a mask) MA and connected to a         first positioner PM configured to accurately position the         patterning device in accordance with certain parameters;     -   a substrate table (e.g. a wafer table) WT constructed to hold a         substrate (e.g. a resist-coated wafer) W and connected to a         second positioner PW configured to accurately position the         substrate in accordance with certain parameters; and     -   a projection system (e.g. a refractive projection lens system)         PL configured to project a pattern imparted to the radiation         beam PB by patterning device MA onto a target portion C (e.g.         comprising one or more dies) of the substrate W.

The illumination system may include various types of optical components, such as refractive, reflective, magnetic, electromagnetic, electrostatic or other types of optical components, or any combination thereof, for directing, shaping, or controlling radiation.

The support structure supports, i.e. bears the weight of, the patterning device. It holds the patterning device in a manner that depends on the orientation of the patterning device, the design of the lithographic apparatus, and other conditions, such as for example whether or not the patterning device is held in a vacuum environment. The support structure can use mechanical, vacuum, electrostatic or other clamping techniques to hold the patterning device. The support structure may be a frame or a table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as required. The support structure may ensure that the patterning device is at a desired position, for example with respect to the projection system. Any use of the terms “reticle” or “mask” herein may be considered synonymous with the more general term “patterning device.”

The term “patterning device” used herein should be broadly interpreted as referring to any device that can be used to impart a radiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section such as to create a pattern in a target portion of the substrate. It should be noted that the pattern imparted to the radiation beam may not exactly correspond to the desired pattern in the target portion of the substrate, for example if the pattern includes phase-shifting features or so called assist features. Generally, the pattern imparted to the radiation beam will correspond to a particular functional layer in a device being created in the target portion, such as an integrated circuit.

The patterning device may be transmissive or reflective. Examples of patterning devices include masks, programmable mirror arrays, and programmable LCD panels. Masks are well known in lithography, and include mask types such as binary, alternating phase-shift, and attenuated phase-shift, as well as various hybrid mask types. An example of a programmable mirror array employs a matrix arrangement of small mirrors, each of which can be individually tilted so as to reflect an incoming radiation beam in different directions. The tilted mirrors impart a pattern in a radiation beam which is reflected by the mirror matrix.

The term “projection system” used herein should be broadly interpreted as encompassing any type of projection system, including refractive, reflective, catadioptric, magnetic, electromagnetic and electrostatic optical systems, or any combination thereof, as appropriate for the exposure radiation being used, or for other factors such as the use of an immersion liquid or the use of a vacuum. Any use of the term “projection lens” herein may be considered as synonymous with the more general term “projection system”.

As here depicted, the apparatus is of a transmissive type (e.g. employing a transmissive mask). Alternatively, the apparatus may be of a reflective type (e.g. employing a programmable mirror array of a type as referred to above, or employing a reflective mask).

The lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two (dual stage) or more substrate tables (and/or two or more mask tables). In such “multiple stage” machines the additional tables may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposure.

Referring to FIG. 1, the illuminator IL receives a radiation beam from a radiation source SO. The source and the lithographic apparatus may be separate entities, for example when the source is an excimer laser. In such cases, the source is not considered to form part of the lithographic apparatus and the radiation beam is passed from the source SO to the illuminator IL with the aid of a beam delivery system BD comprising, for example, suitable directing mirrors and/or a beam expander. In other cases the source may be an integral part of the lithographic apparatus, for example when the source is a mercury lamp. The source SO and the illuminator IL, together with the beam delivery system BD if required, may be referred to as a radiation system.

The illuminator IL may comprise an adjuster AD for adjusting the angular intensity distribution of the radiation beam. Generally, at least the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution. in a pupil plane of the illuminator can be adjusted. In addition, the illuminator IL may comprise various other components, such as an integrator IN and a condenser CO. The illuminator may be used to condition the radiation beam, to have a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section.

The radiation beam PB is incident on the patterning device (e.g., mask MA), which is held on the support structure (e.g., mask table MT), and is patterned by the patterning device. Having traversed the mask MA, the radiation beam PB passes through the projection system PL, which focuses the beam onto a target portion C of the substrate W. With the aid of the second positioner PW and position sensor IF (e.g. an interferometric device, linear encoder or capacitive sensor), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g. so as to position different target portions C in the path of the radiation beam PB. Similarly, the first positioner PM and another position sensor (which is not explicitly depicted in FIG. 1) can be used to accurately position the mask MA with respect to the path of the radiation beam PB, e.g. after mechanical retrieval from a mask library, or during a scan. In general, movement of the mask table MT may be realized with the aid of a long-stroke module (coarse positioning) and a short-stroke module (fine positioning), which form part of the first positioner PM. Similarly, movement of the substrate table WT may be realized using a long-stroke module and a short-stroke module, which form part of the second positioner PW. In the case of a stepper (as opposed to a scanner) the mask table MT may be connected to a short-stroke actuator only, or may be fixed. Mask MA and substrate W may be aligned using mask alignment marks M1, M2 and substrate alignment marks P1, P2. Although the substrate alignment marks as illustrated occupy dedicated target portions, they may be located in spaces between target portions (these are known as scribe-lane alignment marks). Similarly, in situations in which more than one die is provided on the mask MA, the mask alignment marks may be located between the dies.

The depicted apparatus could be used in at least one of the following modes:

-   1. In step mode, the mask table MT and the substrate table WT are     kept essentially stationary, while an entire pattern imparted to the     radiation beam is projected onto a target portion C at one time     (i.e. a single static exposure). The substrate table WT is then     shifted in the X and/or Y direction so that a different target     portion C can be exposed. In step mode, the maximum size of the     exposure field limits the size of the target portion C imaged in a     single static exposure. -   2. In scan mode, the mask table MT and the substrate table WT are     scanned synchronously while a pattern imparted to the radiation beam     is projected onto a target portion C (i.e. a single dynamic     exposure). The velocity and direction of the substrate table WT     relative to the mask table MT may be determined by the     (de-)magnification and image reversal characteristics of the     projection system PL. In scan mode, the maximum size of the exposure     field limits the width (in the non-scanning direction) of the target     portion in a single dynamic exposure, whereas the length of the     scanning motion determines the height (in the scanning direction) of     the target portion. -   3. In another mode, the mask table MT is kept essentially stationary     holding a programmable patterning device, and the substrate table WT     is moved or scanned while a pattern imparted to the radiation beam     is projected onto a target portion C. In this mode, generally a     pulsed radiation source is employed and the programmable patterning     device is updated as required after each movement of the substrate     table WT or in between successive radiation pulses during a scan.     This mode of operation can be readily applied to maskless     lithography that utilizes programmable patterning device, such as a     programmable mirror array of a type as referred to above.

Combinations and/or variations on the above described modes of use or entirely different modes of use may also be employed.

A further immersion lithography solution with a localized liquid supply system is shown in FIG. 4. Liquid is supplied by two groove inlets IN on either side of the projection system PL and is removed by a plurality of discrete outlets OUT arranged radially outwardly of the inlets IN. The inlets IN and OUT can be arranged in a plate with a hole in its center and through which the projection beam is projected. Liquid is supplied by one groove inlet IN on one side of the projection system PL and removed by a plurality of discrete outlets OUT on the other side of the projection system PL, causing a flow of a thin film of liquid between the projection system PL and the substrate W. The choice of which combination of inlet IN and outlets OUT to use can depend on the direction of movement of the substrate W (the other combination of inlet IN and outlets OUT being inactive).

Another immersion lithography solution with a localized liquid supply system solution which has been proposed is to provide the liquid supply system with a seal member which extends along at least a part of a boundary of the space between the final element of the projection system and the substrate table. The seal member is substantially stationary relative to the projection system in the XY plane though there may be some relative movement in the Z direction (in the direction of the optical axis). A seal is formed between the seal member and the surface of the substrate. In an embodiment, the seal is a contactless seal such as a gas seal. Such a system with a gas seal is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/705,783, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference, and shown in FIG. 5.

As shown in FIG. 5, the reservoir 10 forms a contactless seal to the substrate around the image field of the projection system so that liquid is confined to fill a space between the substrate surface and the final element of the projection system. The reservoir is formed by a seal member 12 positioned below and surrounding the final element of the projection system PL. Liquid is brought into the space below the projection system and within the seal member 12. The seal member 12 extends a little above the final element of the projection system and the liquid level rises above the final element so that a buffer of liquid is provided. The seal member 12 has an inner periphery that at the upper end preferably closely conforms to the shape of the projection system or the final element thereof and may, e.g., be round. At the bottom, the inner periphery closely conforms to the shape of the image field, e.g., rectangular though this need not be the case.

The liquid is confined in the reservoir by a gas seal 16 between the bottom of the seal member 12 and the surface of the substrate W. The gas seal is formed by gas, e.g. air or synthetic air or N₂ or an inert gas, provided under pressure via inlet 15 to the gap between seal member 12 and substrate and extracted via first outlet 14. The overpressure on the gas inlet 15, vacuum level on the first outlet 14 and geometry of the gap are arranged so that there is a high-velocity gas flow inwards that confines the liquid.

In European Patent Application No. 03257072.3, the idea of a twin or dual stage immersion lithography apparatus is disclosed. Such an apparatus is provided with two tables for supporting a substrate. Leveling measurements are carried out with a table at a first position, without immersion liquid, and exposure is carried out with a table at a second position, where immersion liquid is present. Alternatively, the apparatus has only one table.

FIG. 6 shows the liquid supply system of an embodiment of the invention in cross-section while FIG. 7 shows it in plan. The liquid supply system comprises a seal member 20 in the form of an annulus (although it may be in a different shape) around the space between the final element FLE of the projection system PL. It includes a liquid supply port 21 which is positioned on one side of the seal member 12 and one or more liquid extraction or drain ports 22 on the other. The supply and drain ports are positioned so that the immersion liquid flows across the middle of the space, as shown by the single-headed arrows in FIG. 7, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the scanning direction, shown by the double-headed arrow. The liquid is confined to the space by the narrowness of the gap between the seal member and substrate which limits the outflow of liquid. Such liquid that leaks out is removed by an extractor 23 while gas knife 24 directs any liquid film remaining on the substrate inwardly. Extractor 23 may extract liquid only or both liquid and gas (two-phase).

This substantially perpendicular flow helps to ensure that the liquid in the space between the final projection system element FLE and the substrate W is completely refreshed, with no stagnant spaces. Advantageously, the flow rate of the immersion liquid is sufficiently high that the volume of liquid flowing through the space within the time taken to expose a target portion is equal to or greater than the volume of the space itself. The one or more drain ports 22 are positioned above the supply port so that any bubbles in the liquid are swept away and do not accumulate. In an embodiment, the one or more drain ports are placed as close to the center of the seal member as possible to minimize the amount of liquid in the apparatus. Depending on the location of the one or more drain ports 22, they may extract liquid only or liquid and gas.

It will be appreciated that the exact shape, number and size of the supply and drain ports can be varied provided that a transverse flow is established, at least in the path of the projection beam PB, above the exposure field EF. In many cases, a large number of small ports or a single extended slit-shaped port, e.g. subtending an angle of 30 to 60° at the center of the image field, would be suitable.

Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use of lithographic apparatus in the manufacture of ICs, it should be understood that the lithographic apparatus described herein may have other applications, such as the manufacture of integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns for magnetic domain memories, flat-panel displays, liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), thin-film magnetic heads, etc. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in the context of such alternative applications, any use of the terms “wafer” or “die” herein may be considered as synonymous with the more general terms “substrate” or “target portion”, respectively. The substrate referred to herein may be processed, before or after exposure, in for example a track (a tool that typically applies a layer of resist to a substrate and develops the exposed resist), a metrology tool and/or an inspection tool. Where applicable, the disclosure herein may be applied to such and other substrate processing tools. Further, the substrate may be processed more than once, for example in order to create a multi-layer IC, so that the term substrate used herein may also refer to a substrate that already contains multiple processed layers.

The terms “radiation” and “beam” used herein encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation (e.g. having a wavelength of or about 365, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm).

The term “lens”, where the context allows, may refer to any one or combination of various types of optical components, including refractive and reflective optical components.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as described. For example, the invention may take the form of a computer program containing one or more sequences of machine-readable instructions describing a method as disclosed above, or a data storage medium (e.g. semiconductor memory, magnetic or optical disk) having such a computer program stored therein.

The present invention can be applied to any immersion lithography apparatus, in particular, but not exclusively, those types mentioned above.

The descriptions above are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Thus, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention as described without departing from the scope of the claims set out below. 

1. A lithographic projection apparatus arranged to project a pattern from a patterning device onto a substrate using a projection system, while scanning the substrate relative to the projection system in a first direction, comprising: a liquid supply system arranged to supply liquid to a space between the projection system and the substrate, the liquid supply system comprising a liquid supply port and a liquid drain port, the supply port and the drain port being located on opposite sides of the space such that liquid flows across the space in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the liquid supply system comprises a plurality of liquid supply ports located on a first side of the space and a plurality of liquid drain ports located on a second side of the space, the second side being opposite the first side.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of supply ports and the plurality of drain ports are located symmetrically about a plane perpendicular to the first direction and passing through a mid point of the space.
 4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the number of supply ports is in the range of from 3 to
 7. 5. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the number of drain ports is in the range of from 3 to
 7. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the drain port is located further from a plane comprising the nominal surface of the substrate than is the supply port.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the drain port is located further from a plane comprising the nominal surface of the substrate than is the final surface of a final element of the projection system.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the liquid supply system is configured to supply liquid to the space at a rate of supply sufficient to refresh the space completely within a time taken to expose a single target portion on the substrate.
 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the liquid supply system comprises a member configured to at least partly confine the liquid to the space.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the member comprises an extractor port configured to remove liquid from between the member and the substrate and a gas knife configured to supply gas to between the member and the substrate so as to direct liquid toward a center of the space.
 11. A device manufacturing method, comprising: supplying liquid through a supply port to a space between a projection system of a lithographic projection apparatus and a substrate, the supply port being located on a first side of the space; removing liquid via a drain port located on a second side of the space opposite to the first side such that liquid flows across the space in a direction substantially perpendicular to a scan direction; and projecting a patterned beam of radiation, using the projection system, through the liquid onto the substrate while scanning the substrate relative to the projection system in the scan direction.
 12. The method according to claim 1, comprising supplying the liquid through a plurality of liquid supply ports located on a first side of the space and removing the liquid through a plurality of liquid drain ports located on a second side of the space, the second side being opposite the first side.
 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of supply ports and the plurality of drain ports are located symmetrically about a plane perpendicular to the scan direction and passing through a mid point of the space.
 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the number of supply ports is in the range of from 3 to
 7. 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the number of drain ports is in the range of from 3 to
 7. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the drain port is located further from a plane comprising the nominal surface of the substrate than is the supply port.
 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the drain port is located further from a plane comprising the nominal surface of the substrate than is the final surface of a final element of the projection system.
 18. The method according to claim 11, wherein a rate of supply of liquid to the space is sufficient to refresh the space completely within a time taken to expose a single target portion on the substrate.
 19. The method according to claim 11, comprising at least partly confining the liquid to the space using a liquid supply system member.
 20. The method according to claim 19, comprising: removing liquid from between the member and the substrate; and upplying gas to between the member and the substrate so as to direct liquid toward a center of the space. 